įurthermore, NPs facilitate combinational therapy, which is beneficial for synchronizing the biodistribution of drugs designed to have a synergistic effect. In particular, polymeric formulations have been used for their controlled delivery because the polymer degradation can be tightly controlled and thus linked to drug release. Changing the nanoparticle composition creates opportunities for controlled drug release and NP surface functionalization. The physical and chemical characteristics of NPs also affect the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of drug delivery by enhancing biodistribution, bioavailability, or increasing circulation times. NPs have an increased ability to travel through the endothelium in inflammatory sites, epithelium, and penetrate microcapillaries and can be functionalized to target specific tissues or cell populations. Conventional NPs range from 1 to 300 nm in size and can affect tissue permeability and cellular endocytosis mechanisms. Nanoparticles (NPs) have tunable physical and chemical characteristics, making them flexible to design monocyte-targeted drug delivery systems. However, with this barrier out of the way, monocyte delivery becomes even more advantageous. Many nanoparticle strategies attempt to evade monocytes. Monocytes and macrophages are members of the reticuloendothelial system (RES), a multi-cellular system designed to clear particles within the circulation and tissues. Using these motifs, the surface of nanoparticles can be modified to target specific subsets of monocytes. Like other innate immune cells, monocytes have surface pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that can bind to glycoproteins, reactive oxygen species, chemokine receptors, adhesion molecules, and immunoglobulins. First, monocytes are a circulatory, immune cell population, and their circulatory nature makes them easier targets for therapeutic modulation compared to targeting tissue-resident immune cells. There are many reasons to consider monocytes as convergences point for therapeutic intervention.
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